Citations - CMS: Author-Date System (AD)

• How Do I Cite?
• No Publication Date
• No Page Number
• No Author
• Two or more Authors - in-text and full citation
• When the same page(s) of the same source are cited more than once in a single paragraph
• When different pages of the same source are referenced in the same paragraph
• Several sources by the same author written in the same year
• Editor or Translator
• Blocked Quotations (aka Extracts), Prose Quotations, & Poetry
• In-Text Citation (Parenthetical)
• Punctuation Marks and Quotations
• Footnotes & Endnotes 
• In-text citation with a brief comment
• Italics for emphasis within a quotation
• Tables & Figures

If you cannot ascertain the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation “n.d.”

No access date is required to be reported for electronic sources.

If you cannot name a specific page number, you have other options for helping your readers find your source work.

• Section (sec.), equation (eq.), volume (vol.), and note (n).
• It may be helpful to cite specific chapters or paragraphs.
• In the case of electronic works in particular, you may have to create your own signposts: e.g., (Lyotard 1984, under “Modernism”).

• On the references page: cite by the title
• For the in-text (parenthetical) citations, cite in shorted form (up to four keywords from the title)
• Use italic or roman type as needed

• A semicolon should be used to separate two or more references in a single in-text citation
• For multiple authors, use the conjunction “and”—not the ampersand (&)— both in the in-text citation as well as on the full citation on the references page
• For the full citation, only invert the first authors name

In-Text 

The same networked logic that defines our general ontological sense of being in the world also defines the way in which texts (with implications for knowledge and power) are produced and circulate in the world: “At the pinnacle of contemporary production, information and communication are the very commodities produced; the network itself is the site of both production and circulation” (Hardt and Negri 2009, 298).

Reference Page

Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri. 2000. “Postmodernization, or the Informatization of Production.” In Empire, 280-303. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 

When a source is listed on the references page by editor or translator instead of author, you do not include abbreviations such as ed. or trans. in the in-text citation.

Reference Citation

Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin.

In-Text Citation (Parenthetical Citaiton)

When it comes to multiple competing punctuation marks, Chicago prescribes the following:

Inside quotation marks

• Commas
• Periods

Outside quotation marks

• Colons
• Semicolons

The placement of question marks and exclamation points depends on whether they clarify the meaning of the quotation or the surrounding sentence as a whole.

Use a semicolon to separate an in-text citation and a relevant but short comment:

"Direct quote or paraphrase here " (Agamben 2008, 115-33; political issues are addressed here).

Let the reader know the italics were not a part of the original quotation.

• Phrases such as “emphasis added,” “emphasis mine,” “italics added,” or “italics mine” are acceptable
• The phrase should be in the parentheses following the quotation in the text itself (after other citation information and a semicolon, when applicable).
• This information can also be presented in a footnote. (169; emphasis added) although, LAHC recommend placing it in the in-text citation for CMS AD style.

Agamben argues, because “in the camp, the state of exception, which was essentially a temporary suspension of the rule of law on the basis
of a factual state of danger, is now given a permanent spatial arrangement, which as such nevertheless remains outside the normal order”  (169;  emphasis added).  

Only cite the source after the last quote/paraphrase or at the end of the paragraph.

Below is one paragraph containing the following:

1st Yellow Quote:

• No in-text citation
•  This is because the 2nd yellow quote is from the same page

2nd Yellow Quote:

• Full in-text citation (author year, page)
• It states that both the 1st and 2nd yellow quote come from the same author, source, and page

3rd Yellow Quote:

•  Brief in-text citation - (page)
• It is from the same author and source as the 1st and 2nd yellow quote BUT from a different page
• Therefore, the in-text citation only contains the page number

This focus on oneness or unity, on the whole rather than on individual parts,
derived from Enlightenment thinking: “The project [of modernity] amounted to an
extraordinary intellectual effort on the part of Enlightenment thinkers to develop objective
science, universal morality and law, and autonomous art according to their inner     
logic.” Science, so the story went, stood as inherently objective inquiry that could
reveal truth—universal truth at that. Enlightenment thinkers, such as Kant, believed in the
“universal,  eternal,  and . . . immutable  qualities  of  all  of  humanity” (Harvey 1990, 12); by
extension, “equality, liberty, faith in human intelligence . . . and  universal  reason”  were
widely held beliefs and seen as unifying forces (13). 

Include a full citation upon the first quote/paraphrase and provide only page numbers thereafter. 

1st Orange Quote:

• Full in-text citation (author year, page)

2nd Orange Quote:

•  Brief in-text citation - (page)
• It is from the same author and source as the 1st orange quote but from a different page
• Therefore, the in-text citation only contains the page number

Science, so the story went, stood as inherently objective inquiry that could
reveal truth—universal truth at that. Enlightenment thinkers, such as Kant, believed in the
“universal,  eternal,  and . . . immutable  qualities  of  all  of  humanity” (Harvey 1990, 12); by
extension, “equality, liberty, faith in human intelligence . . . and  universal  reason”  were
widely held beliefs and seen as unifying forces (13). 

List them alphabetically by title on your references page

• Append the letters a, b, c, etc., to the year of publication 
• When an author’s name appears in the text, the date of the work cited should follow, even when articulated in the possessive
• Also note that Chicago distinguishes between authors and works
  • Preferred:
    • “Foucault’s (1984a) work suggests . . .” 
  • Technically permissible:
    • While “in Foucault 1984a” 

References

Foucault, Michel. 1984a. “The  Means  of  Correct  Training.”  In The Foucault Reader, edited by Paul Rabinow, 188-205. New York: Pantheon.

Foucault, Michel. 1984b. “Panopticism.”  In The Foucault Reader, edited by Paul Rabinow, 206-13. New York: Pantheon.

Foucault, Michel. 1984c. “What  is  an  Author?”  In The Foucault Reader, edited by Paul  Rabinow, 101-20. New York: Pantheon.

 Foucault, Michel. 1984d. “What  is  Enlightenment?”  In The Foucault Reader, edited by Paul Rabinow, 32-50. New York: Pantheon.

• A prose quotation of five or more lines, or more than 100 words, should be blocked
• Block two or more lines of poetry
• Singled spaced
• No quotation marks
• A blocked quotation must always begin a new line.
• Leave an extra line space immediately before and after
• Indent.5” (the same as you would the start of a new paragraph)
• The citations for block quotations begin after the final punctuation of the quotation
• No period is required either before or after the opening or closing parentheses of block quotation documentation

Only use footnotes and endnotes for Author Date style if your instructor requires it. 

• They are used to supplement the Author Date style—to provide additional relevant commentary and/or to cite sources that do not readily lend themselves to the Author Date References system.

Footnotes

In the text, note numbers are super-scripted

• In the notes themselves, note numbers are full sized, not raised, and followed by a period
• Super-scripting numbers in both places is also acceptable

Note numbers should be placed at the end of the clause or sentence they refer and be placed after any and all punctuation except the dash

• Note numbers should also begin with “1” and follow consecutively throughout a given paper, article, or chapter

List footnotes at the bottom of the page where the super-scripted number appears

• The first line is indented .5” from the left margin
• Subsequent lines within a note should be formatted flush left
• Leave an extra line space between notes
• Citations within such notes are treated the same as they would be in the text itself

Endnotes

• The identical citation format as footnotes but are collected in a numbered-order “Notes” page at the end of the paper
• The page title Notes is placed before the References page
• Endnotes are single-spaced with double-spaced between

• Position tables and figures as soon as possible after they are first referenced. If necessary, present them after the paragraph in which they are described.

• Every table should have a number and a (short and descriptive) title, flush left on the line above it.
• Table 1. Title without a terminal period
• Every figure should have a number and a caption, flush left on the line below the figure.
  •   Figure 2. Caption with or without a terminal period.
• Any figure or table that uses symbols or patterns should be accompanied with a key to identify them, either within the figure or table itself or in its caption.

• In the text, identify tables and figures separately, by number and in the order mentioned. Example: "in figure 3" rather than by location ("below").

• Cite the source of the table and figure information with a “credit line” at the bottom of the table or figure and, if applicable, after the caption. The credit line should be distinguished from the caption by being enclosed in parenthesis or written in different type.

  • Cite a source as you would for parenthetical (in-text) citation, and include full information in an entry on your References page.
  • Acknowledge reproduced or adapted sources appropriately (i.e., photo by; data adapted from; map by...).
  • If a table includes data not acquired by the author of the text, include an unnumbered footnote. Introduce the note by the word Source(s) followed by a colon, then include the full source information, and end the note with a period.